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    6. 戰後歐洲六十年(上下冊套書)
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    戰後歐洲六十年(上下冊套書)

    Author 東尼‧賈德
    Publisher 讀書共和國 /左岸文化
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    Released
    2024/12/25
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    483470
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    上冊
    「像狐狸一樣,歐洲懂得很多。」
    歐洲曾經只是地理名詞,卻能夠從二戰的浩劫中走出,轉型為世界各國心生嚮往的典範。

    一戰前的歐洲也許是樂觀的大陸,二戰後的歐洲卻已是懷疑的廢墟。一九四五年後的歐洲人,生活在大戰與極權主義投下的長長陰影裡,小心翼翼不去破壞得來不易的和平,遠離激烈的意識形態鬥爭,專注在重建與復興的工作上。各國雖也有相當的「去納粹化」措施,對於可怕的過去與創傷,許多人選擇緘默以對。

    然而,美蘇卻在二戰後開始激烈的地緣政治對抗,冷戰隨即到來,不但使戰爭的陰影揮之不去,也讓歐洲大陸分為東西兩半。蘇聯在東歐建立起諸多衛星國,美國為了對抗蘇聯,則以馬歇爾計畫大力扶助西歐各國。雖然鄰國對此感到憂懼,西德在戰後卻迅速成長,成為歐洲發展的引擎。

    一九五○、六○年代,英、法、西德等西歐各國迎來經濟復興,並在煤鋼共同體和北約等組織中推動多方面的整合,消融彼此的敵意,以抵禦蘇聯的威脅。同一時期,蘇聯將波蘭、匈牙利、羅馬尼亞、東德等國納為附庸,並強行推動計畫經濟,命其服務於蘇聯的經濟體系,東歐遂陷入經濟依賴和發展遲緩之中。

    到了一九六○年代末,在西歐,經濟成長雖帶來繁榮,但也使社會階級差距和青年世代的不滿逐漸浮現;在東歐,計畫經濟的低效和政治壓迫引發對共產體制的質疑。對於東西歐各自的反叛,東尼.賈德評論巴黎的五月事件「根本談不上革命」,而「共產主義的靈魂」在布拉格之春後「就已死掉」,為一九八九年的局勢埋下了伏筆。

    下冊
    「我在書中堅決把歐洲的兩個半邊整合進一個共同的故事。」
    儘管納粹主義與共產主義在意圖上南轅北轍,那並未帶給它們的受害者什麼慰藉。

    告別繁榮樂觀的六○年代,七○年代歐洲迎來的是一連串困難。美國放棄布雷頓森林協議,歐洲貨幣匯率跟著浮動,通貨膨脹、貨幣貶值接續而來,兩次石油危機火上加油,引發失業潮、進出口貿易下滑的困境。柴契爾主義推動市場化和私有化,很大程度上改變了戰後歐洲社會共識的軌道。

    一九八○年代末,共產東歐經歷了翻天覆地的巨變。戈巴契夫為了挽救蘇聯的共產主義,在權力核心啟動改革,結果引發骨牌效應,東歐各國迅速脫離共黨統治,紛紛從鐵幕走出,帶著「返回歐洲」的想望,加入歐盟、北約等組織。人們不禁要問:歐洲人是誰?誰能代表歐洲?

    從史達林開始,蘇聯即在戰後東歐建立起政治肅清、經濟掠奪和思想控制的統治。共產政權垮台後,東歐各國面臨要清算過去的罪行,又要同時和解與寬恕的難題。它們該如何面對過去共產主義的暴力?又該如何對待與政權合作的協力者?雖然接納了歐洲的價值觀,東歐國家仍需克服歷史遺留與社會分歧的困難。

    不論是對於納粹或共產的罪行,東尼.賈德堅持,歐洲人必須拋棄遺忘或美化歷史的權宜之計,正視自己的國家曾參與的黑暗事業,而這需要歷史學者「對事實、證明、證據一絲不苟的追求」。歐洲一體化固然有所成就,但若建立在錯誤的認知之上,仍將彼此扞格不入。「歐盟或許是對歷史的回應,但永遠無法取代歷史」。
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    Released
    2024/12/25
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    東尼‧賈德

    歐洲

    二戰

    世界各國

    歷史

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