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    6. 心理學
    教育心理學

    心理學

    Author Wen Tzuneng
    Publisher Wen Tzuneng
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    Released
    2011/06/09
    Language
    Traditional Chinese
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    7
    ID
    6100
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    各學派對於學習的定義:
    1. 行為:刺激和反應聯結的歷程
    2. 認知:刺激間關係理解的歷程
    3. 人本:自我成長的歷程
    第一節 動機與學習動機
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    各學派對於學習的定義:
    1. 行為:刺激和反應聯結的歷程
    2. 認知:刺激間關係理解的歷程
    3. 人本:自我成長的歷程
    第一節 動機與學習動機
    一、 動機的性質與相關概念
    (一) 動機的性質:動機(動機作用)【motivation】(張P413)─指引起個體活動維持以引起的活動,並導使該一活動朝向某一目標的內在歷程。心理學家把動機解釋為:行為的內在動力、行為的內在心理原因。
    (二) 動機的相關概念
    1. 需求【need】(張P428)與驅力【drive】(張P209)
    《廣義》需求、驅力、動機均表示個體行為的內在原因或內在動力。
    《狹義》需求:用來表示形成驅力的原因 表示各種不同的動機;驅力:表明屬於原始性或生理的動機。
    2. 好奇【curiosity】與習慣【habit】
    好奇:一向被視為人類求知的最原始的內在動力,且認為好奇是與生俱來的不需要學習。
    習慣:習得性的行為反應 習得性的動機,對個人的行為具有內驅力作用。
    3. 態度【attitude】與興趣【interest】
    態度:指個體對人事及週遭世界所持有的一種具有一致性與持久性的傾向,除了行為成分以外還包括情感與認知。
    興趣:個體對某人或某事物所表現的選擇時注意的內在心向 與動機大同小異。
    4. 意志【will】與價值觀
    意志:是個人對自願選定的與自認有價值的目標戮力以赴的內在心理歷程。
    價值觀:為個人自認(或社會共識)正當並據以為判斷是非善惡的標準者。
    5. 刺激與誘因【incentive】
    誘因:指誘發個體行為的外在原因,因經驗過而後引發反應的刺激稱之。
     正誘因【positive incentive】凡令個體趨向或接近的刺激且能由接近而獲得滿足者。
     負誘因【negative incentive】令個體逃避或躲離的刺激且能由逃避而獲得滿足者。

    二、 動機的類別與學習動機
    (一) 動機的類別
     生理性動機【physiological motivation】─個體身體上生理變化而產生內在需求,從而引起動機的行為
     心理性動機【psychological motivation】─引起個體各種行為的內在心理原因
    (二) 學習動機─指引起學生學習活動,維持學習活動,並導使該學習活動趨向教師所設定目標的內在心理歷程。
     普遍型學習動機(general motivation to learn)─全面認真學習的學生
     偏重型學習動機(specific motivation to learn)─對某幾種學科認真學習的學生
     外在動機(extrinsic motivation)─受外在環境因素影響而形成的
     內在動機(intrinsic motivation)─因內在需求而產生的

    第二節 學習動機的行為論與人本論
    一、 行為主義的學習動機理論
    (一) 行為主義學習動機理論的基本理念
     行為是由驅力所促動,而驅力則因生理上的需求而產生。
     強化原則─該學派所秉持的學習動機理論(外控)
     CAI(電腦輔助教學)、PI(編序教學)運用後效強化的原理,目的在於藉由外在誘因以維持學生學習動機。
     Bandura在社會學習論中認為學習動機的產生是由於學生在心理上向楷模的行為表現去模仿與認同
    (二) 行為主義學習動機理論的限制
    1. 重外誘控制無從培養學生求知熱忱
    2. 趨獎避罰心態於全體學生均皆不利
    3. 手段目的化的結果有礙學生人格發展
    4. 短暫的功利取向不易產生學習遷移

    二、 人本主義的學習動機理論
    (一) 人本主義學習動機理論的基本理念

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    Released
    2011/06/09
    Language
    Traditional Chinese
    File format
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    ID
    6100

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