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    5. 親子天下 12月號/2014 第63期

    親子天下 12月號/2014 第63期

    Publisher 天下雜誌
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    Released
    2014/12/01
    Language
    Traditional Chinese
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    212
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    40757
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    過動世代,爸媽教養新挑戰
    有一群人數正快速增加的新品種孩子,我們稱他們「過動世代」,他們的行為讓父母頭痛,但到底是大人不會教?還是現有教養規格不適合他們?
    文∣李宜蓁 攝影∣張緯宇

    徐巨龍的大兒子進小一,有一次他拿剪刀剪前面同學掛在椅背的外套,徐巨龍被叫去學校時他問兒子:「同學有給你怎麼樣嗎?」他搖頭說:「沒有,但就是想剪剪看。」曾遇到打樂樂棒球,輪到兒子上場打擊、卻剛好下課鐘響,他氣到把鞋子踢飛到司令台上。幼兒園老師說他太常眨眼睛、清喉嚨,影響同學學習,醫生診斷是妥瑞症;小三老師說他情緒反應很激烈,這次醫生則說是過動症。他低年級時不喜歡寫國字,爸媽以為他貪玩、不認真,小五卻被鑑定接近資優……

    過動世代孩子飽受情緒、行為困擾
    不希望有人再走冤枉路,徐巨龍一年前加入台灣赤子心過動症協會擔任執行長,他發現不管都會、偏鄉,每班至少有一到三位像兒子這樣「不一樣」的孩子,他們在學習、人際跟教養各方面持續出狀況,老師跟家長因為「從沒遇過這樣的孩子,不知道到底怎麼教才對」,產生集體空前的無助、焦慮。第一線導師面對這一到三位情緒強度高的孩子,無法統合班級經營、孤單疲憊,常有不如歸去的感嘆。
    我們這一代的家長,再也不期待孩子說了就聽、不聽就打。但是,當我們把管教的寬容度打開,又碰上世界加速的變化,愈來愈多的教養難題,是我們成長經驗中從未經歷,也完全不知道答案在何處。
    在這一代的父母眼中,有一群新品種的小孩叫「過動世代」。他們外觀看來跟一般孩子沒兩樣,卻普遍擁有好動、衝動、注意力極高或是極低、人際技巧差、情緒反應大、挫折忍受力低等特質。
    這是一種「病」嗎?是我們教不好、不知道方法?還是我們設定的種種教養規格不符合新品種的過動世代?
    「過動世代」不單指「過動兒」(注意力不足過動症,簡稱ADHD),他們過度極端、暴衝的傾向,容易被懷疑或鑑定為「過動兒、亞斯伯格症或其他情緒障礙生」(見小辭典)。而情緒教育專家楊俐容從一九九九年組織超過一千名情緒教育志工、走訪超過八十所中小學校園後觀察到,這三類正是讓教學現場老師最為頭痛的一群孩子,也是台北市教育局「校園團隊合作輔導適應欠佳學生模式」鎖定輔導的最大宗。
    從統計數據來看,過動世代小學生,十年內倍數成長。教育部統計,自二○○四年至今十年內,以過動兒為大宗的情障小學生增加了二?二倍,目前總計兩千七百二十六人;自閉症小學生增加了一?九倍,總計五千零五十二人。

    他們的「隱形障礙」難以被看見
    我們這一代父母所認知的「特教生」,障礙多數是看得見的。但是,過動世代有著難以言說的「隱形障礙」。過動世代在學習調節專注力、情緒、言語行為上,確實比一般孩子更困難,但由於他們外觀看來「正常」,不像視障、聽障孩子容易被接納跟協助,他們認知正常、甚至有部分是資優生,在大人不理解下,經常「被誤認」是難以管教、家教不好、學習不認真,於是嚴厲管教、以為勤能補拙,問題行為卻更嚴重。
    但是,這群隱形特教生,目前幾乎成為中小學特教生快速成長的大宗。十年前,情緒障礙加上自閉的學生總數只占特教生的七?六四%,但現在則是每五個特教生中就有一個是這種屬於過動世代的隱形特教生。
    過動世代帶來的教養挫折像一記悶棍,打得父母、老師束手無策。

    根據台北市立聯合醫院婦幼院區兒童發展評估療育中心主治醫師鄒國蘇的多年觀察,自閉症族群增加的主要是輕度的亞斯伯格跟高功能自閉症,增加幅度之快已經不只是「醫療人員敏感度提升」足以解釋。台大醫院兒童精神科主任高淑芬針對過動盛行率的研究統計數字是七%到八%,也就是每個班級會有一到三位過動兒。美國的過動盛行率高達一一%,《紐約時報》誇張形容,過動已成為一種「流行病」。
    為何這幾年台灣忽然增加那麼多特殊的小孩?最重要的關鍵是修法後定義上的鬆綁,讓特教、醫療和社福體系都接納這些隱形特殊生。
    第一,《特教法》修法打開情緒、行為障礙的大門。自一九九七年《特教法》增訂「嚴重情緒障礙」、「自閉症」跟「發展遲緩」三個障礙類別,並依照「零拒絕」跟「融合教育」精神,將輕度特教需求孩子的安置回歸普通班。
    第二,醫療體系重點發展兒童青少年精神領域。一九九八年台灣兒童青少年精神醫學會創立,兒童心智科起飛,逐步培養醫療專業人員跟開發診斷治療技術。現在兒心科名醫掛號不易,初診通常得等上一個月。
    第三,可能是先天、後天因素交錯,目前尚無定論,比如遺傳、早產、腦傷、重金屬中毒、環境荷爾蒙、家庭教養環境等因素。
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    Released
    2014/12/01
    Language
    Traditional Chinese
    File format
    PDF: Fit in large screen
    Provide Adobe DRM
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    Offer DRM free license
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    ID
    40757

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