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    5. 時移世易 否卦 六二 包承 陽虎陪臣執君命 孔子拒同流合污

    陽虎陪臣執君命 孔子拒同流合污

    時移世易 否卦 六二 包承 陽虎陪臣執君命 孔子拒同流合污

    Author frogwong
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    Released
    2021/04/04
    Language
    Traditional Chinese
    Product Type
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    Length
    07:22
    Resolution
    480p
    ID
    228739

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    時移世易 否卦 六二 包承 陽虎陪臣執君命 孔子拒同流合污 配音:粵語 字幕:繁簡

    否卦第二爻,六二:包承,小人吉;大人否,亨。
    「包」:在羊胎膜內的胎兒,引伸包住。
    「承」:用手將人捧起。

    「小」:微細雨點。
    「人」:側面侍立人形,引伸人類。
    「小人」:損人利己自私的人。

    「吉」:口字形的宗廟,引伸吉祥。

    「大」:超出標準。
    「大人」:為人為己大方的人。

    「否」:根在地下找尋出口,引伸困難。
    「亨」:在宗廟內得到供奉,引伸享用。

    爻辭意思:阿諛奉承有權勢的人,小人因此獲得吉祥;大人物安於閉塞,是吉利。

    六二是陰爻居柔位,屬於得位,處於下卦中位,持中,其柔順安守,很易被小人拉攏,作為同黨,若是小人會歸附過去;若是君子則避而遠之。

    小人得志,大人只得受氣,忍辱負重才能躲過災難。
    不過,九五的君王明白六二的苦處,君王不會被小人群黨所亂,內心明白時局狀態,所以六二會亨通。

    陽虎與趙鞅、孔子的故事,可解此爻爻義。

    陽虎(?-?),春秋魯國人,孟孫氏族人,姬姓,陽氏,名虎,一名陽貨。

    陽虎原是季平子季孫意如家臣,前505年,季平子巡行東野,回都途中病死於房邑。
    繼承人季孫斯年幼,無法執掌國事,同年九月,陽虎囚禁季孫斯。

    陽虎奪取三桓輪流擔任魯國執政機會,在魯國擔任執政長達三年,史稱「陪臣執君命」。

    陽虎討論君臣相處之道時說:「如果主上賢明,那就傾力輔佐他,如果主上不夠賢明,那就掩飾自己的邪念,去試探他。」

    前504年,魯定公率軍伐鄭,陽虎未經匡人同意,帶兵強行奪路衝過匡邑(今河南省長垣縣張寨鄉孔莊村),雙方發生衝突,陽虎對匡人大肆殺戮,匡邑人都非常憎恨陽虎。

    陽虎把持魯國國政,亟需社會承認和支持,想借孔子的聲望來鞏固和提高自己地位,前503年,陽虎多次求見孔子,都被孔子婉拒。

    《論語》詳細地記錄兩人見面情況,陽虎派人求見孔子遭拒,利用當時一個禮俗:凡大夫送禮物給士,士不在家中而不能親受,這個士人必須到大夫家登門致謝。

    陽虎趁孔子不在家時,派人送給孔子一頭蒸熟的小乳豬,孔子得到禮物,不得不親自往陽虎府上拜會。
    孔子趁陽虎不在府時前去拜訪,歸途中碰上陽虎。
    陽虎堵住孔子去路,不客氣地對他說:「來,我告訴您:一個人,懷一番雄心壯志和一身本領,卻聽任國家政局一味混亂下去,這樣能算是仁愛嗎?不能算是。
    一個人希望參與政治,卻多次錯失良机,這能算是明智嗎?不能算是。要知道時光易逝,歲月是不會等待我們的!」
    孔子一時無言以對,只好回答說:「好吧,我將出仕從政了。」

    孔子答應出仕,但不是在陽虎主政時期,孔子認為陽虎以陪臣身分執掌國政,是大逆不道,孔子絕不會與他同流合污。

    前502年十月初三,陽虎計劃在蒲圃設享禮時,暗殺季孫斯事敗。
    前501年逃往齊國,勸說齊景公出兵攻打魯國,齊國大臣鮑國認為陽虎「親富不親仁」,齊景公將陽虎囚禁在西部邊境。

    次年,陽虎逃到晉國,投奔趙鞅,趙鞅(?-前476年),又名趙簡子,《趙氏孤兒》中的孤兒趙武之孫。

    前499年,趙鞅重用陽虎,左右問趙鞅:「陽虎善於竊取國家政權,你為甚麽還要重用他呢?」
    趙鞅說:「陽虎致力於奪取政權,我致力於維護政權。」

    趙鞅用權術駕馭陽虎,陽虎不敢胡作非為,盡心輔佐趙鞅,幾乎使趙鞅成為一代霸主。
    陽虎在魯國是「亂世之奸雄」,在晉國是「治世之能臣」。

    孔子與陽虎長相神似,兩人有多次「交集」,前535年,孔子(17歲)母親顏征去世。

    《史記》記載,孔子為母守孝在家,季孫設宴招待「士」,孔子腰扎孝帶到季孫府邸,被季孫家家臣陽虎攔在門外,叉着腰說:「季孫讓讀書人來進餐,你不在邀請之列。」
    孔子吃了閉門羹,怏怏地回去。

    孔子三十歲前,在季孫家任職,隨後辭掉工作,前503年,陽虎想召孔子仕官幫助他,孔子不齒陽虎專橫跋扈作為拒絕。

    前500年,陽虎逃到晉國,得到趙鞅重用,孔子感嘆:「趙氏恐怕以後要大亂了。」

    前498年,陽虎逃到晉國後,季氏害怕陽虎餘黨作亂,找孔子(54歲)幫忙,任命為大司寇攝相事。
    孔子希望逐漸削弱「三桓」,使國君掌握大權,三年後,「隳三都」失敗,離開魯國。

    前496年,孔子周遊列國至匡邑,被誤認為陽虎,一度身陷險境。

    陽虎和陽貨是不是同一個人,歷來爭議不斷,陽虎的名字見於《左傳》,《論語》中有一個人叫陽貨。
    孔子後人孔安國為《論語》作注時,說陽虎和陽貨是同個人,宋邢昺疏認為陽虎是名虎字貨。

    《史記》和《孟子》同時出現陽虎與陽貨,東漢趙岐為《孟子》作注時說,陽虎是魯國季氏家臣,陽貨是魯國大夫。

    陽虎雖是季孫家臣,但已位列魯國大夫,按《論語》記載,陽虎與陽貨應屬同一人。

    滕文公與孟子討論治國方法時,孟子引用陽虎的說話:「想要富裕就不能太仁慈,仁慈的人是不會富起來的。」(成語《為富不仁》由此而來)

    占得此爻,有詩為記:
    否塞臨時利小人,大人處正也無屯,
    孤鴻飛去雲霄外,頓覺前程不亂群,
    居下為身計,為當曲奉承,
    大人堅自守,雖否亦亨通,
    時下亂意緒,可求不可圖,
    驀地清風白,一場歡笑娛。

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    製作:山寨廣播 配音:王sir
    音樂:Mystery/Sorrow(元方)
    圖片:部份來自互聯網
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    Released
    2021/04/04
    Language
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    Product Type
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    Length
    07:22
    Resolution
    480p
    ID
    228739
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    易經

    孔子

    陽虎

    否卦

    時移世易

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